Humanism is a way of thinking that puts human well being, reason, and ethics at its center, without relying on supernatural beliefs.

Key idea: The word 'humanism' has ancient roots in classical education and evolved to describe both academic study and a life stance centered on human values.

The word "humanism" comes from the Latin word "humanitas." This word was used in ancient Rome by thinkers like Cicero to describe values related to a good education. This is why we still have "the humanities" in universities today, which include subjects like art, philosophy, history, and literature.

The term "humanist" reappeared during the Italian Renaissance to describe scholars who studied classical literature. They focused on subjects like rhetoric (the art of speaking well), grammar, poetry, history, and moral philosophy. These subjects were called "studia humanitatis," or "humanistic studies."

Later, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the word "humanism" started to be used in Germany to mean two things: studying classical literature and having a non religious view of life. In the 20th century, it became more clearly known as a natural way of looking at life, focusing on human well being and freedom.

“The word 'humanism' derives from the Latin word humanitas, which was first used in ancient Rome by Cicero and other thinkers to describe values related to liberal education.”

Key idea: While definitions vary, humanism generally emphasizes human dignity, reason, ethics, and the responsibility to create a meaningful life and improve society without supernatural beliefs.

There is no single, simple definition of humanism that everyone agrees on. However, many thinkers share common ideas about what it means.

For example, philosopher Sidney Hook said that humanists are against forcing one culture on others, do not belong to a specific church, do not support dictatorships, and do not believe in using violence for social change. He also said humanists want to end hunger and improve health, housing, and education.

Another humanist, Andrew Copson, defined humanism by saying it understands the universe through science and free inquiry. It believes in pursuing a meaningful and happy life that you define for yourself. Humanism is also about being moral and taking practical steps to improve personal and social conditions.

The organization Humanists International describes humanism as a democratic and ethical way of life. It says people have the right and responsibility to give meaning to their own lives. It aims to build a more humane society using reason and human abilities, without believing in gods or supernatural ideas.

Dictionaries often define humanism as a worldview that focuses on human interests and values. It usually rejects supernatural beliefs and highlights a person's dignity, worth, and ability to achieve their potential through reason.

Key idea: Humanistic ideas have ancient roots, appearing in philosophies that emphasized human reason and well being over supernatural explanations.

Ideas similar to humanism have a long history. In ancient Greece, philosophers like Protagoras and Socrates started to explain the world using human reason instead of myths. Protagoras famously said he could not know if gods existed, focusing on human experience instead. Socrates encouraged people to "know thyself" and explored morality through reason.

Aristotle also taught about rational thinking and ethics based on human nature, which aligns with humanist thought. Epicurus developed a philosophy centered on human happiness and friendship.

These ancient Greek ideas are often seen as the roots of humanism, influencing thinkers thousands of years later. Similar human centered ideas can also be found in ancient Chinese philosophies like Taoism and Confucianism, and in the rational and scientific thinking of some medieval Muslim scholars.

“It is a repeated view among scholars that the humanistic features of ancient Greek thought are the roots of humanism 2,000 years later.”

Key idea: The Renaissance and Enlightenment periods were crucial in shaping modern humanism, shifting focus from religious dogma to classical learning, reason, and universal human values.

The Renaissance in Italy saw a strong rebirth of humanistic thought. Scholars rediscovered and studied ancient Greek and Roman texts. Petrarch, often called the "father of humanism," was very enthusiastic about old writings and helped establish the "studia humanitatis" curriculum, which focused on rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry, and grammar.

This movement spread across Europe, influencing education, philosophy, and even politics. Renaissance humanists believed that studying classical literature could provide intellectual discipline and moral standards. They emphasized human potential and achievements, moving away from a sole focus on religious dogma.

During the Enlightenment, humanistic ideas grew even stronger, becoming less tied to religion and classical texts. Advances in science and reason led thinkers to believe that rationality could explain the world better than religious beliefs. Values like tolerance and opposing slavery became more important. This period also saw the development of the idea of a universal "man," emphasizing the shared nature of humanity.

Key idea: Modern humanism developed significantly from the 19th century, driven by scientific advancements and philosophical critiques that offered non religious ways to understand the world and pursue human well being.

From the 19th century onward, scientific discoveries and new philosophical ideas offered alternatives to religious beliefs. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, for example, suggested that humans are a natural species, challenging traditional religious views.

Thinkers like Ludwig Feuerbach and Karl Marx questioned religion, and the philosophy of utilitarianism emerged, focusing on maximizing human happiness and reducing suffering through natural means.

In the 20th century, organized humanist movements grew, especially in Europe and the United States. These groups promoted rationalism and the scientific method. Important figures like Bertrand Russell openly advocated for atheism and humanist ideas. Organizations like the British Humanist Association and the American Humanist Association were formed, working to promote humanist values and secularism.

Key idea: The term 'humanism' has various historical and specialized meanings, but contemporary humanism generally refers to a non religious, naturalistic, and scientific life stance.

The term "humanism" has been used in many ways, leading to some confusion. While modern humanism is a non religious life stance, there have been other uses of the word.

For example, "Renaissance humanism" refers to the academic movement of studying classical texts. It is important to understand that this is not the same as modern humanism, even though modern humanism has some historical roots in it. There is not a straight line connecting all these different uses of the word.

Other terms include "religious humanism" (which was an early 20th century movement that viewed humanism itself as a religion, now rarely practiced), "scientific humanism" (emphasizing the scientific method), and "secular humanism" (which is largely synonymous with contemporary humanism, stressing its non religious nature).

There is also "Marxist humanism," which focuses on Marx's early writings about human alienation, and "digital humanism," which considers human values in the age of technology. However, many humanists today believe that adding adjectives like "secular" is often unnecessary because modern humanism is already understood to be naturalistic, scientific, and non religious.

“It is important to recognize that there is no neat linear thread that connects these different uses of the word. Modern humanism is not a descendant of Renaissance humanism or 'religious humanism'.”

Key idea: Humanist philosophy centers on rationality, scientific inquiry, and human autonomy, believing that individuals can use reason to determine their own ethics and pursue happiness in this world.

Humanism is closely tied to rationality. Humanists believe that humans are capable of reason, and that reason and the scientific method are the best ways to find truth. They argue that science has led to great progress, while explanations based on supernatural ideas often fail to truly explain the world.

Another key idea is human autonomy, which means people should be able to form their own beliefs and make their own choices based on their own reasoning. Humanists believe this autonomy gives dignity to every individual. They also see a universal human essence, meaning all people have worth regardless of their background.

Philosophers like Immanuel Kant laid some groundwork for modern humanist thought by emphasizing rationalism and the moral autonomy of individuals. He suggested that morality comes from how humans live and that we can develop ethical guidelines through a universal process, rather than fixed rules.

Corliss Lamont, a humanist philosopher, summarized humanist ethics by saying its main goal is to improve human interests and happiness in this life. It welcomes all healthy pleasures, from simple joys to appreciating art, friendship, and community.

Key idea: Humanist morality is based on human reason, empathy, and the goal of improving human well being, rejecting the idea that morality requires a divine source.

Humanist views on morality have evolved. Historically, humanists often looked for objective, universal ethical rules, influenced by philosophies like utilitarianism (seeking the greatest good for the greatest number) and Kantian ethics (acting according to rules you would want everyone to follow).

Today, humanist ethics support ideas like secularism, civil rights, personal freedom, tolerance, and multiculturalism. Humanists believe morality is a natural phenomenon that has developed through human history and culture. It is a tool to improve human culture, not a set of fixed doctrines.

Some religious critics argue that without a divine source, morality cannot exist, famously saying, "if God does not exist, then everything is permitted." Humanists counter that acting out of fear of punishment or hope for reward is not true morality. They point out that even religious moral codes are often interpreted by humans, leading to different views.

Humanists believe that morality comes from our shared human experience, empathy, and reason, aiming to improve human well being. They emphasize respect for personal moral autonomy and using reason to make ethical judgments.

Key idea: Humanism generally promotes secularism and often contrasts with traditional religion, emphasizing human reason over divine authority, though some humanists may find common ground with certain religious aspects.

Humanism is often seen as different from religion. Historically, as humanistic ideas about human knowledge and reason grew, they challenged the authority of religious institutions. Scientific discoveries, for example, offered explanations for the world that did not rely on divine will.

Humanists generally support secularism, meaning that government and public life should be separate from religion. They believe this ensures fair treatment for everyone, regardless of their beliefs, and protects freedom of expression. However, humanists do not necessarily oppose religious people, but rather the idea of religion having special privileges in public life.

It is important to note that some humanists do align with religion in certain ways. For example, some organizations have humanist chaplains who serve in academic institutions or militaries. Also, some humanists find that certain aspects of religious identity or culture can coexist with their humanist views, as long as they do not involve supernatural beliefs.

Key idea: Humanism posits that individuals create their own meaning in life through their choices, actions, and connections, rather than discovering a predetermined purpose.

Unlike many religions that offer a predefined purpose for life, humanism suggests that people create their own meaning of life. This idea became more prominent as religious influence declined in the 19th century.

Thinkers like Albert Camus explored this, suggesting that even in a world without inherent meaning, individuals can choose to create value and significance through their actions and choices. He used the myth of Sisyphus, who endlessly pushes a rock up a hill, to show that even in absurd situations, one can find meaning by embracing the struggle and negating external gods or predetermined purposes.

For humanists, the meaning of life can come from many sources: pursuing happiness responsibly, contributing to human history, connecting with loved ones, or appreciating nature. It often involves having a morally worthy purpose, understanding oneself and the world, and forming emotional connections with others. The quest for meaning itself can contribute to well being.

Key idea: In public life, humanism strongly advocates for secularism in politics and influences various political theories, from individual liberty to social justice, always aiming for human well being.

In politics, a key demand of contemporary humanism is secularism. Humanists believe that separating religion from government ensures fair treatment for all citizens and supports diversity. They argue that while violence exists in all cultures, religion can sometimes fuel conflict. Humanism opposes irrational ideas like extreme nationalism or totalitarianism.

Humanism also influences political thought in different ways. Some humanists focus on individual freedom, which can lean towards libertarian ideas. Others emphasize collective well being and social justice, aligning more with socialist views. However, many humanists are wary of purely capitalistic or neoliberal outcomes.

Humanism has also been connected to major political movements like liberalism and early Marxism. In the post 1945 era, French existentialists like Jean Paul Sartre linked humanism to socialism. Organizations like Humanists International work to promote humanist principles globally, especially regarding human rights and freedom of thought at the United Nations.

Key idea: Humanist counseling is a psychology approach that respects individual worldviews, promotes self actualization, and helps people explore moral and existential questions.

Humanist counseling is a type of applied psychology inspired by humanist principles. It focuses on respecting a client's unique worldview and understanding their problems within their cultural context. This approach emphasizes a person's natural drive to grow and be creative, and it helps people explore moral questions about their interactions with others.

This type of counseling grew out of the work of psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who wanted to create a more positive view of human nature compared to the more pessimistic approach of psychoanalysis. It draws on ideas from existentialism (which focuses on individual existence and responsibility) and phenomenology (which studies conscious experience).

Many modern counseling organizations have humanist roots, such as the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Humanist pastoral care, which provides support and guidance without religious dogma, also draws on humanistic psychology.

Key idea: Demographic studies suggest humanists often come from religious backgrounds, are highly educated, and are predominantly non religious, with a higher proportion of men.

Information about the number of humanists is not always easy to find. One study looked at people who said they did not believe in God and sought guidance from science or reason. It found that most humanists in the United States identify as atheist or agnostic, though some still identify as "nothing in particular" or even religious.

The study also showed that most humanists were raised in a religious background but later moved away from it. There tends to be more men who identify as humanists than women. Humanists often have higher levels of education and socioeconomic status. Also, the majority of humanists in the US are non Hispanic white, partly because minority groups are often more religious.

Key idea: Humanism faces criticisms regarding its Western origins, potential biases, perceived religious roots, alleged materialism, and its sometimes vague definition.

Humanism faces several criticisms. Some argue that its focus on human rights is too "Western" and can be seen as a way for Western cultures to dominate others. Critics from feminist, Black, and postcolonial perspectives sometimes say that humanism, shaped by white, heterosexual men, might carry their biases and not truly represent everyone.

Another criticism is that humanism, especially its emphasis on empathy and compassion, comes from Christian traditions and is not truly secular. Some argue that humanism's idea of the "sanctity of human life" is a religious concept disguised as a secular one.

Evangelical Christians sometimes criticize humanism for supposedly destroying traditional family and moral values. They might also claim humanism is too materialistic, focusing only on worldly goods and leading to greed. However, humanists argue that valuing human well being does not mean only caring about material things, and that their scientific approach does not reduce human worth.

Humanism is also criticized for being vague and hard to define, with its meaning changing over time. While some see this as a weakness, others argue that this flexibility is actually a strength, allowing humanism to adapt and remain dynamic.

Key idea: Antihumanism is a philosophical stance that critiques or rejects humanism's core assumptions about human nature, truth, and freedom.

Antihumanism is a philosophical idea that questions or rejects humanism. It developed alongside humanism, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. Antihumanists often challenge humanism's ideas about human nature, freedom, and objective truth.

For example, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche criticized humanism for replacing religious illusions with new ones, arguing that objective truth is an illusion and that humanism simply swaps one "religion" (theism) for another (reason and science).

After World War II, the horrors of the war led many to question human nature. Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser introduced "theoretical antihumanism," arguing that Marx's later scientific socialism moved away from earlier humanist ideas about the "essence of man." Antihumanism suggests that humanism might be based on outdated or flawed assumptions about what it means to be human.

Key idea: Numerous humanist organizations globally work to promote humanist values, secularism, and human rights, often conducting non religious ceremonies and engaging public figures.

Humanist organizations exist in many countries around the world. Humanists International is a global group that connects many of these national organizations. The United Kingdom, India, and the United States have the most member organizations.

Some of the oldest and largest humanist groups include Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association), the American Humanist Association (AHA), and the Dutch Humanist Alliance. These organizations often conduct non religious ceremonies for life events like weddings and funerals, and they advocate for secularism and human rights.

Prominent public figures, like scientists and writers, are often members of these organizations. For example, Humanists UK includes members like Richard Dawkins and Stephen Fry. The AHA gives out an annual "Humanist of the Year" award to honor people who promote science and humanist values. These groups play an important role in promoting humanist ideas and defending the rights of non religious people.